We are here for you to provide the important Recent and Latest Current Affairs 5 May 2020, which have unique updates of Latest Current Affairs 2020 events from all newspapers such as The Hindu, The Economic Times, PIB, Times of India, PTI, Indian Express, Business Standard and all Government official websites.

NATIONAL AFFAIRS

NMCG & NIUA organized IDEAthon, a webinar; collaborated on urban river management plan

India ranked 3rd among countries in scientific publication in 2018; expenditure on R&D tripled: NSTMIS

About NSTMIS:

BANKING & FINANCE 

Reserve bank cancels mumbai’s 105-year-old CKP co-op bank license

 About CKP Co-operative Bank Ltd:

ECONOMY & BUSINESS 

IIT Hyderabad to collaborate with Hong Kong firm to create venture ecosystem

About Telangana:

ACQUISITIONS & MERGERS     

US private equity firm Silver Lake buys 1.15% stake in Reliance Jio platforms for Rs 5655.75 cr

About Silver Lake partners:

Polycab India acquired 50% stake in Ryker from Singapore-based Trafigura

 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Russia to launch its 1^st satellite ‘Arktika-M’ to monitor Arctic climate & environment

NIAB develops portable coronavirus detection kit “eCovSens”

About NIAB:
NIAB is an autonomous institute under the department of Biotechnology, Minister of Science and Technology.
Director– Dr.Subeer S. Majumdar
Headquarters– Hyderabad, Telangana

BharatPe launches two apps to limit the need to touch handsets for checking transactions

Aarogya Setu Mitr launched in private public partnership initiative

IIG developed 1D fluid simulation code to study electric field structure in Earth’s Magnetosphere

About Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG)
Establishment– 1971
Location– Mumbai, Maharashtra
Director– Professor D.S Ramesh

SPORTS 

FINA postpones 2021 Fukuoka Aquatics World Championships to May 2022

Discus thrower Sandeep Kumari banned for 4 years by WADA after testing positive for metenolone

OBITUARY

Veteran Poet, Padma shri K. S. Nissar Ahmed passed away at 84

Judicial Member, Lokpal of India, Justice Ajay Kumar Tripathi passed away at 62

 

 

 

Vice President

• Appointed for 5 years
• Ex- officio chairman of council of states (Rajya Sabha)
• 2^nd highest dignitary of India, occupying 2^nd place in warrant of precedence
• Presides over the proceedings of Rajya sabha.

Whenever vacancy occurs in the office of President or President is unable to discharge his duties, Vice President acts as president of India & ceases to perform duties as chairman of Rajya Sabha (During this period, he is entitled to all emoluments & incentives of President)

Qualification for Vice President

• Must be citizen of India
• Must be 35 years of age
• Must not held any office of profit
• Qualified to be elected as a member of Rajya Sabha

Can not be a member of either house of the parliament or state legislature & if a member of parliament or state legislature is elected as Vice President, he ceases to be member of parliament of state legislature from the date he enters upon his office of VP

• Nomination of a candidate for election to the office of VP must be subscribed by atleast 20 electors as proposers & 20 electors as seconders.
• Every candidate has to make security deposit of Rs. 15000 to RBI, stands forfeited if failed to get 1/6^th of the votes polled

VP holds office for 5 years, but if his successor is unable to enter the office, he continues to hold his office beyond the stated period of 5 years until his successor enters upon his office (But election is to be held no later than 60 days of expiry of the term of office of outgoing VP)

Election of Vice President

• Elected indirectly by Electoral College, consisting of all members of parliament (Both elected & nominated) → (State government do not participate in VPs election)
• Election is held in accordance with system of proportional representation by means of single transferrable vote & voting via secret ballot.
• Supreme Court has final & exclusive jurisdiction for resolving disputes & doubts relating to election of Vice President

Oath – Vice President

VP takes oath in presence of President, “to bear true faith & allegiance to constitution of India & to faithfully discharge duties of his office”

Removal of Vice President

• VP can be removed from his office by a resolution raised only in Rajya sabha, passed by effective majority e. Greater than 50% of (Total membership – Vacancy) & agreed upon by simple majority i.e. greater than 50 % of total voting members, of the Lok sabha.
• Prior to passing the resolution in Rajya sabha, a 14 days’ notice should be served to him
• A formal impeachment is not required for his removal as in case of President

Emoluments

• Rent free accommodation from Government
• Annual salary of Rs. 1,25,000 & pension of Rs. 7.5 Lakhs / Annum
• When acts as President, he gets all the allowances, powers, immunities & salary of President

We are here for you to provide the important Recent and Latest Current Affairs 4 May 2020, which have unique updates of Latest Current Affairs 2020 events from all newspapers such as The Hindu, The Economic Times, PIB, Times of India, PTI, Indian Express, Business Standard and all Government official websites.

NATIONAL AFFAIRS

Five more States/UTs integrated with ‘One Nation One Ration Card’ platform, taking the total to 17

Maharashtra the first state government to announces free and cashless insurance to the people

200 new mandis added to the e-NAM platform from 7 States: Narendra Singh Tomar 

 Constituency of Ministers:

AWARDS & RECOGNITIONS   

IIT-Madras Professor & Padma Shri awardee Thalappil Pradeep named for 25^th Nikkei Asia Prizes 2020 in S&T

APPOINTMENTS & RESIGNATIONS    

Professor Shobana Narasimhan of JNCASR elected as International Member to American Academy of Arts and Science

About American Academy of Arts and Science:

 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Traders’ body CAIT to launch national e-commerce marketplace ‘bharatmarket’ for retail traders

 About Confederation of All India Traders (CAIT):

ENVIRONMENT

US Scientists discover 1^st known aquatic Dinosaur ‘Spinosaurus aegyptiacus’

SPORTS 

BWF postpones World Championship 2020 to November 2021

About FESBA:

Former world snooker champion Peter Ebdon retires from sport

BOOKS & AUTHORS 

Union Culture Minister released e-book “Prof. B. B. Lal -India Rediscovered” to mark the centenary year of Prof B. B. Lal

 

 

 

  

1. GoI increases MSP for Minor Forest Produce ranging from 16% to 66%

• Union Minister for Tribal Affairs: Arjun Munda.
• Minister of State for Tribal Affairs: Renuka Singh Saruta.

2. “Kisan Sabha App” developed by CSIR-Central Road Research Institute

• Union Minister for Agriculture & Farmers Welfare: Narendra Singh Tomar.
• Minister of State for Agriculture & Farmers Welfare: Parshottam Rupala.

3. Arvind Kumar Sharma assumes charge as Secretary to MSME Ministry

• Union Minister for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises: Nitin Jairam Gadkari.

4. Giridhar Aramane assumes charge as Secretary to MoRTH  

• Union Minister for Road Transport and Highways: Nitin Jairam Gadkari.

5. American Academy of Arts and Sciences honours Professor Shobhana Narasimhan

6. CSIR-CSIO creates Electrostatic Disinfection Machine for disinfection

7. Microwave steriliser “ATULYA” developed to disintegrate COVID-19

8. Veteran anti-apartheid activist Denis Goldberg passes away

9. Union Culture Minister releases e-book “Prof. B.B. Lal: India Rediscovered”

10. 2nd May globally observed as World Tuna Day 

President

• Elected for 5 year term & eligible for re-election
• Executive head of India & all the executive powers of the union shall be vested in him
• Supreme commander of the arm forces
• 1^st citizen of India & occupies 1^st position under warrant of precedence

Executive powers vested in president shall be exercise on advice of COM responsible to the parliament, however, 42^nd amendment made it obligatory for the president to accept advice of COM

Election of President: Article 54

The President of India is elected indirectly by the Electoral College according to secret ballot by the system of proportional representation through single transferable vote.The President of India is elected by an electoral college consisting of:

• Elected members of the two Houses of Parliament and Legislative Assemblies of the States
• States includes national capital territory of Delhi and the Union territory of Pondicherry

Do Not Participate

• Nominated members of both the houses of the parliament & of state legislative assemblies
• All the members of legislative council of states

There shall be uniformity in the scale of representation of the different states at the election of the President as follows:

• Value of vote of an MLA of a state:  (Population of state / Total number of elected members of state legislative assembly) * 100
• Value of vote of an MP: (Total value of votes of MLA’s of all states/ Total number of elected members parliament) * 100

• Hence, value of vote of MLA of UP is highest & value of vote of MLA of Sikkim is lowest
• By 42^nd amendment, census of 1971 was to be followed till 1^st census after 2000, but in 2000, Union cabinet extended the same till 1^st census after 2026 by 81^st amendment 2001

For a candidate to be President, one must fulfill electoral quota

Electoral Quota:  (Total number of valid votes polled / 2) + 1

• Candidate with last position gets eliminated & 2^nd preference of all ballots, who ranked eliminated candidate 1st, is added to all accordingly. This process is followed till someone fulfill electoral quota
• Dispute regarding election of president (Article 71) or vice president is inquired & decided by supreme court whose decision is final
• Article 71 further states that no such disputes can be raised on the grounds of any vacancy in electoral college

Article 58 → Qualification for election of President

• Must be citizen of India
• Must be of 35 yrs of age
• Must be qualified for election for member of house of the people (LS)
• Must not hold any office of profit under Gov. of India or Gov. of any state or any local or other authority

Following persons shall not be deemed to hold any office of profit, hence are qualified for being a candidate for presidential election:

• President
• Vice President
• Governor of any state
• MP / MLA

• Nomination of a candidate for election to the office of President must be subscribed by atleast 50 electors as proposers & 50 electors as seconders
• Every candidate has to make a security deposit of Rs. 15000 in RBI, liable to be forfeited in case candidate fails to secure 1/6^th of the votes polled

Conditions to Presidential Office

• Shall not be member of any house of the parliament or state legislature & if he is, then must vacate the seat
• Shall not held any other office of profit
• Parliament law 2008 : Pay of Rs. 1,50,000 monthly & official residence without pay
• Pension of 9 lakhs / annum

Immunities to the President

• Personal immunity from legal liabilities for his official acts
• Immune from any criminal proceeding during his terms of office means can not be imprisoned or arrested , However, civil proceedings can be instituted in his term of office w.r.t his personal acts, giving 2 months of notice prior to the proceedings

Oath by President (Article 60)

• President takes oath in presence of chief justice of Supreme Court “ To preserve, protect & defend the constitution & law”

Terms of office of President (Article 56)

• President shall hold the office for terms of 5 years from the date he enters upon his office. Even after expiry of his terms, he shall continue in office untill his successor enters upon his office
• May resign his office before the expiry of his normal terms of 5 years by writing to the vice president

Article 61 (Impeachment of the President)

Power of impeachment of president lies in parliament only for violation of the constitution & can be removed from his office before the period of 5 years (Quasi-judicial process)

• Impeachment resolution can be initiated in any house of the parliament
• Resolution initiated must be signed by 1/4^th of the candidate of the initiating house
• Before the resolution is passed , a 14 days’ notice must be given to the president
• Such a resolution must be passed by majority of not less than 2/3^rd of total membership of the initiating house
• Then the other house of the parliament also called investigating house investigates the charges by itself
• President has the right to appear & to be represented at such investigation to defend himself
• If as a result of investigation, other house also passes a resolution supported by not less than 2/3^rd of total membership of the house, President stands removed from his office, from the date investigating house passed the resolution
• Other than impeachment, no other penalty can be imposed on the president for violation of the constitution

Process of impeachment of President is deficient on following accounts:

• Term ‘violation of constitution is very vague term & has not been defined anywhere in the constitution’
• Elected members of legislative assemblies have no role to play in impeachment proceeding while they have a role in election of the president
• Nominated members of parliament have the right to deliberate & vote when the resolution of impeachment is under consideration while they have no vote in election of president
• Procedure & authority to investigate the charges against president have not been specified nor any definite time period has been specified

Vacancy in President’s Rule

• In case, office of president falls vacant due to death, resignation or removal of President, Then Vice president or in his absence Chief justice of India or in his absence Senior most judge of SC becomes the president until next elections are held & new president assumes the office
• President’s office can remain vacant for max. of 6 months
• If president is not able to discharge his duties due to sickness or absence or due to any other reason than the vice president discharges the functions of President (VP is entitled to the same allowances & privileges of President during this period)

Article 53: Executive powers of the union shall be vested in president & shall be exercised by him either directly or indirectly or through officers subordinate to him, But always in accordance with the constitution
Executive powers → Powers of carry out administration of affairs of the state, except functions of legislature & judiciary

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Administrative Powers of president

Powers to appoint

• Prime minister of India
• Attorney General of India
• Comptroller & Auditor general of India
• Judges of Supreme Court & High court
• Governor of the states
• Finance commissioner & its members
• Members of UPSC & Joint commissions for group of states
• Chief election commissioner & its members
• Chairman & members of SC & ST of commissions

• In fact every appointment of union government is made in the name of president or under his authority.
• He directly administers the Union territories through administration appointed by him
• President can declare any area as scheduled area & has powers w.r.t administration of schedule areas & Tribal areas.

Power to remove

• His ministers’ individually
• Attorney general of India
• Governor of the state
• Chairman of UPSC or state administration on report of SC
• Judges of SC or HC
• Chief election commissioner
• Comptroller & auditor general of India
• Finance commissioner

(Removal mainly based on the address of the parliament)

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Legislative Powers

• Summons the houses of parliament atleast twice a year, Prorogue either house & can dissolve Lok sabha
• Nominates 12 members of Rajya Sabha & may nominate 2 representatives of Anglo Indian community to Lok Sabha
• May address either house seperately or jointly or can send messages to them. At the commencement of 1^st session of parliament annually, President delivers an address corresponding to queens speech from the throne in British parliament
• Every bill passed by parliament must receive presidential assent before it can become an act. President may give his assent or withhold or return it for reconsideration along with his own suggestions ( Except money bill and constitutional amendment bill)
• But if the bill is passed again with or without the amendments President is bound to give his assents to it

President makes certain reports & statements to be laid before parliament as stated below:

• Annual financial statement (Budget) & supplementary statement
• Auditor General Report relating to accounts of government of India
• Recommendation made by finance commission
• Report of UPSC, explaining the reasons where any advice of the commission has not been accepted
• Report of National commission for SCs & STs
• Report of special officers for linguistic minorities

Certain bills (Bill for formation of new states or alteration of boundaries of states, money bill, financial) needs presidential recommendations for introduction in parliament

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Veto powers of the President

Absolute Veto: Power of president to withhold his assent to a bill passed in parliament. The bill then ends & does not become an act. If before passing assent to a bill, ministry resigns & a new COM is  formed, then on its advice President can use his veto powers against the bill . (In 1954, Rajendra prasad withheld his assent to PEPSU appropriation bill)

Suspensive Veto: Power of president to return a bill passed in parliament for reconsideration (except money Bill)

Pocket Veto: No time frame for President to give his assent or refuse i.e. pocket a bill for infinite times (Not for constitutional amendment bill as 24^th amendment 1971, made it obligatory for the president to give his assent to constitutional amendment bill

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Ordinance making powers of the President

Ordinances – interim or temporary legislation laws → President can issue ordinances only on subjects’ parliament can legislate or make laws with same limitations as of parliament
President promulgate ordinances (authoritive order) under article 123 mainly when either or both the houses of parliament are not in session & immediate action is needed
A Presidential ordinance has same force & effect as an act of parliament. However, it must be laid down before both the houses of the parliament & must be approved by both the houses within 6 weeks from re-assembly of houses. Failure to comply with this condition or parliamentary disapproval within 6 weeks period will make ordinance invalid

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Judicial Powers (Basically Pardoning Powers)

• Where the punishment or sentence is by court martial
• Where the punishment is for offence against union law
• In all cases where sentence is death sentence “Only authority for pardoning a death sentence”

Pardon: Can rescinds both conviction & sentence + can absolve the offender from all offences & disqualification
Reprieve: Can make stay of execution of a sentence (esp. of death) for pardon or commutation
Remission: To reduce amount of sentence without changing its character (ex. 6 months for 1 yr)
Respite: Awarding a lesser sentence instead of a prescribed penalty in view of special facts (ex. in case of pregnant women offender)
Commutation: Substitutes one form of punishment for another or lighter character

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Emergency Powers

National Emergency → Article 352 → On grounds of threat to security of India or any part of it , By war, external aggression or armed rebellion
Presidential Rule → Article 356 → Proclamation for taking over the administration of a state, when state government can not carry out administration in state in accordance with provisions of the constitution
Financial Emergency → Article 360 → When financial stability of credit of India or any part thereof is threatened

“Any proclamation under the emergency powers of the president, in order to be in operation beyond a certain period, should be approved by parliament within the period so specified by parliament”

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Financial Powers

• It is only on the permission of president that annual financial statement (Budget) is laid down before the parliament
• Recommends the introduction of money bill & financial bill in parliament
• Constitutes finance commission after every five years
• Controls contingency fund for unforeseen expenses like flood, drought, war etc.
• Places report of CAG before parliament & recommendations of Finance commission

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Military Powers

• Supreme commander of armed forces
• Has power to declare war & peace
• But, His military powers are subjected to the regulations of law, therefore, parliament has the real power to regulate or control the exercise of such powers

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Diplomatic Powers

• Sends & receive ambassadors & other diplomatic representatives
• All treaties & international agreements are negotiated & amended in the name of president, though subjected to ratification by parliament 

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President’s Position

• Whenever constitution requires the satisfaction of the president, it is not his personal satisfaction, but is the satisfaction of COMs
• It is obligatory for the president to always have a C.O.M
• Even after dissolution of lower house (Lok Sabha) of parliament, COMis in existence to aid & advice the president in exercise of his executive powers
• If he ignores the advice of COMs or acts contrary to advice of COMs, he can be impeached for violation of constitution

42^nd amendment, 1976 →Amended article 74 & made advice of COMs binding for the president
44^th amendment 1978   → Further amended 74^th article that President may require COMs to reconsider an advice, but is bound to act after reconsideration
Though president is not connected with decision making power of the cabinet, yet article 78 A, casts on PM to keep President informed of all cabinet decisions, concerning administration of affairs of the union & proposal for legislation.Under some circumstances, president has to act as per his own wisdom, sense of justice & discretion:

• Appointment of PM, under situation when no single political party commands clear majority support of lok sabha
• Appointing a PM in case of vacancy due to sudden death & availability of no acknowledged leader, due to inability of legislature party to do so and absence of settled seniority among cabinet members; name of PM is proposed from outside
• Dissolution of Lok sabha on advice of COMs which has lost the support of majority members of lok sabha or against whom a motion of no confidence has been passed
• Dismissing ministries, in case COMs has lost the confidence of lower house of the parliament but still refuses to resign

Fundamental Duties were added to Indian constitution by 42^nd amendment in 1976 on recommendations of Swarn singh committee



Initially 10 Fundamental Duties were added under article 51 A in part 4 – A through 42 amendment, Later via 86^th amendment 11^th Fundamental Duty was added in 2002
Fundamental Duties are basically statuary duties & are enforceable by law (Means violation of these duties can be met with punishment as prescribed by legislature of India)

a) To abide by the Constitution and respect the National Flag and the National Anthem; b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;
c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
d ) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
e ) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all people of India, transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;
f ) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
g ) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and to have compassion for living creatures;
h ) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;
i ) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
j ) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity, so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of Endeavour and achievement.“
k ) to provide opportunities for education by the parent the guardian, to his child, or a ward between the age of 6-14 years as the case may be.

An analysis of the above duties reveals that they are applicable only to citizens and not to the aliens & expected that a citizen of India while enjoying fundamental rights, should also perform these duties. Although there is no provision in the constitution for direct enforcement of any of these duties, yet, the courts are guided by these duties while interpreting various laws

• Addition of Fundamental Duties along with exceptions to FR’s limits the operation & free enjoyment of FR’s
• Some of the duties are very difficult to comprehend & also do not appear to be capable of legal enforcement but only best regarded as directory to Indian citizens

Part IV of the Indian Constitution deals with Directive Principles of our State Policy (DPSP).
The provisions contained in this Part cannot be enforced by any court, but these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws.


The concept of Directive Principles of State Policy was borrowed from the Irish Constitution. While most of the Fundamental Rights are negative obligations on the state, DPSPs are positive obligations on the state, though not enforceable in a court of law.

Article 36: Definition

In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires, “the State” has the same meaning as in Part III.

Article 37: Application of the principles contained in this Part

The provisions contained in this Part shall not be enforced by any court, but the principles therein laid down are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws.

Article 38: State to secure a social order for the promotion of the welfare of the people

(1) The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life.
(2) The State shall, in particular, strive to minimise the inequalities in income, and endeavour to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities, not only amongst individuals but also amongst groups of people residing in different areas or engaged in different vocations.

Article 39: Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State

The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing –
(a) that the citizen, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood;
(b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good;
(c) that the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment; 
(d) that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women;
(e) that the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength;
(f) that children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.

Article 39A: Equal justice and free legal aid

The State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.

Article 40: Organisation of village panchayats

The State shall take steps to organise village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government.

Article 41: Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases

The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want.

Article 42: Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief

The State shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief.

Article 43: Living wage, etc., for workers

The State shall endeavor to secure, by suitable legislation or economic organisation or in any other way, to all workers agricultural, industrial or otherwise, work, a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural opportunities and, in particular, the State shall endeavour to promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operative basis in rural areas.

Article 43A: Participation of workers in management of industries

The State shall take steps, by suitable legislation or in any other way, to secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings, establishments or other organisation engaged in any industry.

Article 44: Uniform civil code for the citizen

The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.

Article 45: Provision for free and compulsory education for children

The State shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years.

Article 46: Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections

The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.

Article 47: Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health

The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purpose of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health.

Article 48: Organization of agriculture and animal husbandry

The State shall endeavour to organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines and shall, in particular, take steps for preserving and improving the breeds, and prohibiting the slaughter, of cows and calves and other milch and draught cattle.

Article 48A: Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife

The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.

Article 49: Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance

It shall be the obligation of the State to protect every monument or place or object of artistic or historic interest, declared by or under law made by Parliament to be of national importance, from spoliation, disfigurement, destruction, removal, disposal or export, as the case may be.

Article 50: Separation of judiciary from the executive

The State shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State.

Article 51: Promotion of international peace and security

The State shall endeavour to –
(a) promote international peace and security;
(b) maintain just and honourable relations between nations;
(c) foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised people with one another; and
(d) encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration.